Production possibilities curve (or frontier or boundary)Shows the maximum amount of good Y an economy is able to produce for each amount of X it chooses to produce if it fully and efficiently employs all of its scarce resources with its given level of technology.
Productive EfficiencyWhen production takes place with minimum average (unit) costs, implying that production takes place with minimal resource waste.
Profit MaximisationThe assumed goal of the typical firm; firms will choose that level of output for which economic profits are maximum, which requires at marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost and that marginal cost is rising.
Public goodsGoods which are non-excludable and non-rival. Since they are non-excludable consumers have the incentive to conceal their preferences and behave as tree riders. Public goods are a case of market failure and typical examples include national defense, traffic lights, lighthouses, etc
Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory A theory of long –run equilibrium exchange rate determination: in the absence of trade barriers, transportation costs and cross-border capital flows and if all goods were tradable then the market exchange rate would gravitate towards its PPP value, i.e. it would reflect cost-of-living differences.
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